The collaborative and constantly updated encyclopedia is free for everyone to use and perfect for candidate who are preparing for MMD written or oral exams such as Second mate, Chief mate or Masters. Searchable index include more than 2000 nautical topics in expected MMD written and oral exams with pinpoint answer, making our site a good all around tool for MMD exams preparation. Our encyclopedia covers a great collection of study materials and detailed notes in subjects such as Navigation, Cargo work, Ship operation technology, Meteorology, ROR and Ship Stability etc. It is a benevolent reference work for Maritime community in an exhaustive manner. Marine Gyaan Encyclopedia is a free online resource aims to document all maritime subjects and queries to replace bulky reference books. is not just another website it’s a mission to create World’s Biggest Online Marine Encyclopedia for the World and to find solutions that are of extreme importance to all seafarers across the globe. The actual distance of the target is the distance as indicated on the PPI plus half the distance the radar wave travels between pulses. The change in the position of the pip indicates that the pip is a second-trace echo. On changing the PRR from 2000 to 1800 pulses per second, the same target is detected on a bearing of 090° at a distance of 3 miles. Second-trace echoes may be recognized through changes in their positions on the radarscope on changing the pulse repetition rate (PRR) their hazy, streaky, or distorted shape and their erratic movements on plotting.Ī target pip is detected on a true bearing of 090° at a distance of 7.5 miles. Second-trace echoes are unusual except under abnormal atmospheric conditions, or conditions under which super-refraction is present. If an echo from a distant target is received after the following pulse has been transmitted, the echo will appear on the radarscope at the correct bearing but not at the true range. Second-trace echoes (multiple-trace echoes) are echoes received from a contact at an actual range greater than the radar range setting. A second or third or more echoes may be observed on the radarscope at double, triple, or other multiples of the actual range of the radar contact. Multiple echoes may occur when a strong echo is received from another ship at close range.
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